The feminist movement has evolved through several key waves since 1920, each addressing different social, political, and economic issues.
First Wave (1920s): After winning suffrage in 1920 with the 19th Amendment, the movement shifted to addressing legal inequalities, and pursuing equal rights in education and employment.
Second Wave (1960s-1980s): This movement expanded to encompass a wider array of issues, including reproductive rights, workplace equality, and sexual liberation. Influential works like Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique spurred discussions about women’s roles in society. Women’s liberation also encompassed issues of race and class, highlighting the intersectionality of gender—that while all women are subject to inequality, factors including race and class affect some women differently or more harshly than others.
Third Wave (1990s-2000s): Emerging in response to the perceived shortcomings of the second wave, the third wave embraced diversity and individualism. It challenged gender norms and explored the complexities of identity, including race, sexuality, and gender expression. Prominent figures like bell hooks and Judith Butler emphasized intersectional feminism.
Fourth Wave (2010s-present): Characterized by the rise of digital activism, the fourth wave focuses on combating sexual harassment, body positivity, and gender-based violence. Movements like #MeToo and Time’s Up harness social media to raise awareness and mobilize for change. Intersectionality remains central, advocating for inclusivity across various identities.
Throughout these waves, the feminist movement has continuously adapted to address new challenges and broaden its scope, striving for equality and justice in diverse contexts.